Building a pyramid and the surrounding temples and settlements involved engineering and architecture, as well as planning and organization of the workforce.
Knowledge of mathematics and geometry was essential for the planning of the structure and for calculating how much stone would be needed.
Barges were developed to transport the huge blocks of stone from the other side of the Nile or from the granite, alabaster, diorite, and basalt quarries from Memphis to Aswan.
Architects, engineers, and craftsmen used cords divided into cubits to measure land and buildings. The royal cubit rod measured 52.5 centimeters, or 20.6 inches. It originated from the length of the human forearm, which consisted of seven palms or twenty-eight digits. The palm was equal to four digits or fingers and the thumb was a little bigger than one digit.
The half circle was also used to align building surfaces and the plumb level was used to make sure vertical surfaces were even.
They also used the right angle to create smooth and perfectly vertically aligned walls. Triangles, squares, angles, and circles for measuring and leveling were made or drawn on papyrus.
In later periods, Egyptians used instruments or indicators for observing the circumpolar star and fixed its place by drawing a line on the ground marking its direction.
One of the instruments used was called "Merkhet," which could mean "indicator." It consisted of a horizontal, narrow wooden bar with a hole near one end, through which the astronomer would look to fix the position of the star.
The other instrument, called the "bay en imy unut," or palm rib, had a V-shaped slot cut in the wider end through which the priest in charge of the hours looked to fix the star.
With the help of these instruments, the north-south axis was fixed more accurately .
Knowledge of mathematics and geometry was essential for the planning of the structure and for calculating how much stone would be needed.
Barges were developed to transport the huge blocks of stone from the other side of the Nile or from the granite, alabaster, diorite, and basalt quarries from Memphis to Aswan.
Architects, engineers, and craftsmen used cords divided into cubits to measure land and buildings. The royal cubit rod measured 52.5 centimeters, or 20.6 inches. It originated from the length of the human forearm, which consisted of seven palms or twenty-eight digits. The palm was equal to four digits or fingers and the thumb was a little bigger than one digit.
The half circle was also used to align building surfaces and the plumb level was used to make sure vertical surfaces were even.
They also used the right angle to create smooth and perfectly vertically aligned walls. Triangles, squares, angles, and circles for measuring and leveling were made or drawn on papyrus.
In later periods, Egyptians used instruments or indicators for observing the circumpolar star and fixed its place by drawing a line on the ground marking its direction.
One of the instruments used was called "Merkhet," which could mean "indicator." It consisted of a horizontal, narrow wooden bar with a hole near one end, through which the astronomer would look to fix the position of the star.
The other instrument, called the "bay en imy unut," or palm rib, had a V-shaped slot cut in the wider end through which the priest in charge of the hours looked to fix the star.
With the help of these instruments, the north-south axis was fixed more accurately .
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